The Sumerian language is considered to be a language isolated in linguistics that does not seem to belong to any known linguistic form. Researchers have studied the ancient Sumerian language and tried making connections to other groups of languages but without success. The Sumerians invented the pictorial hieroglyphics that later transformed into cuneiform writing. Together with the ancient Egyptian writing system, the ancient Sumerian can compete in a race for the oldest known written language.

Known Sumerian texts discovered in the past include personal texts, business letters, transactions, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns and prayers, magic spells and scientific texts including mathematics, astronomy and medicine. Much of this material survived in time through copies and transcripts. Although the Semitic race became ruler of the region, the language, religion and law in Mesopotamia remained Sumerian.

The city of Nimrod, 80 kilometers southeast of Babylon, was excavated between 1,880 and 1,900. During excavations, researchers discovered around 50,000 tablets believed to have been written during the third millennium, including a library of 20,000 volumes, dictionaries and complete works on religion, literature, law and science. Strangely, archaeologists discovered a lot of Kings that seemed to have lived for hundreds of years.
Researchers have also discovered something called the Royal Sumerian List or the Sumerian King List, a historical document of great value left behind by ancient Mesopotamian scribes, written in Sumerian. This list, reflects the succession of kings from the earliest times until the conquests of Hammurabi. But there is something very peculiar about tis list, since the proposed periods seem to be impossible according to history. From the verifiable historical point of view, the first king mentioned in the list is Mebagaresi (2631-2601) of the city of Kish. Before him, all other rulers are believed to be ancient mythological antediluvian rulers or kings that ruled in the period before the great flood. The antediluvian reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60).

“After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years. Alaljar ruled for 36000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64800 years. Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira. In Bad-tibira, En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43200 years. En-men-gal-ana ruled for 28800 years. Dumuzid, the shepherd, ruled for 36000 years. 3 kings; they ruled for 108000 years. Then Bad-tibira fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Larag. In Larag, En-sipad-zid-ana ruled for 28800 years. 1 king; he ruled for 28800 years. Then Larag fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Zimbir. In Zimbir, En-men-dur-ana became king; he ruled for 21000 years. 1 king; he ruled for 21000 years. Then Zimbir fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Curuppag. In Curuppag, Ubara-Tutu became king; he ruled for 18600 years. 1 king; he ruled for 18600 years. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241200 years.” Then the flood swept over.”(Source : http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm)

“A total of 39 kings ruled for 14409 + X years, 3 months and 3 1/2 days, 4 times in Kic. A total of 22 kings ruled for 2610 + X years, 6 months and 15 days, 5 times in Unug. A total of 12 kings ruled for 396 years, 3 times in Urim. A total of 3 kings ruled for 356 years, once in Awan. A total of 1 king ruled for 420 years, once in Hamazi.
16 lines missing
A total of 12 (?) kings ruled for 197 (?) years, once in Agade. A total of 21 (ms. P4+Ha has instead: 23) kings ruled for 125 years and 40 days (ms. P4+Ha has instead: 99 years), once in the army of Gutium. A total of 11 (ms. P4+Ha has instead: 16) kings ruled for 159 (ms. P4+Ha has instead: 226) years, once in Isin. There are 11 cities, cities in which the kingship was exercised. A total of 134 (ms. P4+Ha has instead: 139) kings, who altogether ruled for 28876 + X (ms. P4+Ha has instead: 3443 + X) years. 21.” (Source : http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm)

Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data; for most pre-Akkadian rulers listed, this king list is itself the lone source of information.

Some of the rulers on the list are not verifiable according to researchers who suggest that some of the kings mentioned could have been mythological inventions in the distant past, yet researchers have unearthed several hundreds of thousands of artifacts covering all activities, all aspects of life of the rulers: government, administration justice, economy, personal relationships, science, history, literature and religion. These findings seem to point ancient history in a complexity new direction.

Source and reference:

The Early Chronology of Sumer and Egypt and the Similarities in Their Culture”, S. Langdon, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 7

http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm

The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet”, J. J. Finkelstein, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 17

• The Zep Tepi is now considered by some researchers as a historical fact

According to the “Pyramid Texts”, there was a period that emerged from the primordial chaos and the way gods ruled the earth. This period is called “Zep Tepi”.

Is this just another mythological tale or can we find facts behind the Zep Tepi?

According to several researchers, among them Armando Mei, Zep Tepi is a historical period that can be traced back to a specific date, 36,420 BC.

The Pyramid Texts, the sum of the wall decorations and writings found in several Egyptian monuments have left us most of the recorded history that speak of creation myths of ancient Egypt. Mysteriously, in all of these texts, a period of “absence” is described, and this period is called Zep Tepi.

For scholars, one of the most interesting documents is the papyrus of Turin, or commonly referred to as the Papyrus of Kings, a document dating from the nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, which shows, in addition to the list of sovereign unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the list of divine and semi-divine kings of Egypt’s Predynastic Period.

Researchers believe that, by calculating the decrypted information obtained from the papyrus of Turin, we obtain the initial period, referred to as the kingdom of Ptah, creator and first ruler of ancient Egypt, dating back 39,000 years.

The same source speaks of a time when the primordial gods reigned over Egypt for 20,000 years, after them, the demigods arrived, they were called the “followers of Horus”. After them, mortal humans came to the throne of Egypt. These mortals began to rule over Egypt around the fourth millennium BC with the dynasties of pharaohs we know today.

So how should we interpret this information? Mainstream researchers tell us that most of that is just a myth, and it did not occur like it was described, why? Because they believe it is not possible since it contradicts mainstream beliefs. Egyptology, and the official historiography tells us that everything to the pre-dynastic era is regarded as a myth, without much historical value.

There are several researchers that believe there is more to this then meets the eye. Italian researcher Armando Mei, dedicated his life to the study of pre-dynastic Egypt. In 2005, Mei conducted research on the Giza plateau, culminating in the formulation of his “Theory of the historical dating of Zep Tepi”, presented at the International Conference on Sciences of Antiquity, held at the Zayed University in Dubai.

Armando Mei explained that researchers have proposed several theories about the monuments of Giza, obtaining several hypothesis about the function of the monuments and the techniques adopted for their construction. Academic Egyptology has greatly contributed to our understanding of a unique and incomparable civilization that developed incredible technologies and advancements in their social, artistic and scientific life, but for some reason, we can still not understand how ancient Egyptians managed such incredible achievements thousands of years ago.

Mei believes that one of the most important theories of the past 20 years, in scientific terms, is proposed by Robert Bauval and in known today as the Theory of Orion’s Correlation, according to which, the Pyramids of Giza are the projection on land of Orion’s Belt, which was possible to observe in the Egyptian sky in 10,450 BC. Even though this theory has been rejected from the beginning by academics, it has allowed the development of new research methods that have in part, explained some of the mysteries related to the so-called Predynastic Period.

Together with Nico Moretto, Armando Mei developed an astronomical correlation analysis through the application of a mathematical model for the pyramids of Giza. According to these two researchers, The ancient Egyptian civilization originated in the year 36.900 BC, providing historical value to the descriptions of Zep Tepi in texts such as the Papyrus of Turin.

Large quantities of mercury found under ruins of Ancient Teotihuacan.

Mexican archaeologist Sergio Gómez and his team have discovered liquid mercury at the end of the tunnel below the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, the third largest pyramid of Teotihuacan.

As you enter the tunnel of the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl in Teotihuacan, the temperature drops as you descend through the tunnel, the moisture is notable in the inside and the wooden floor makes it possible to walk through the muddy ground. According to Mexican archaeologist Sergio Gómez, the builders wanted to recreate the outside world so they dug until they came in contact with water, mimicking the rivers of the outside.

In the vicinity of the entrance, a mysteriously looking “fireplace” connects with the outside. Archaeologists speculate that this fireplace could have been used as some sort of observatory two millennia ago. The tunnel was discovered by chance when in 2003, the entire place was flooded during restoration works, allowing archaeologists to discover the mystical tunnel. GPR and laser testing gave the researchers an idea of the entire structure. A small robot was introduced to explore the cracks and provide further information to researchers. Similar exploration with the use of robots was done in Egypt, though on a much smaller scale.

The goal of the exploration of the tunnel was to understand what the ancient builders wanted to hide so badly with walls up to 25 tons of Earth and rock. According to archaeologists, the ancient builders had opted the tunnel once in the past, probably to place something inside. Since then, the tunnel remained sealed for almost 2000 years. No one had entered or seen the interior of the tunnel.

The tunnel’s ceiling was very interesting as it had traces of metal powder that reflects light in a curious patter, almost as if mimicking the night sky. In ancient times, when entering the tunnel with torches, the metal dust shined just like the stars. Researchers believe that these traces are pyrite or magnetite remains elements not found in the region of Teotihuacan. These metals were brought from somewhere else to paint the ceiling of the tunnel.

150 meters below the temple of the Feathered Serpent, researchers discovered 50,000 mysterious objects, ranging from animal bones, batons to metal spheres. The descent through the tunnel resembles the entrance to a mine, but the surrounding objects and mysterious ceiling resemble the journey to the underworld, in an enigmatic city that flourished between II and V century AD, 50 kilometers northeast of Mexico City.

Mexican archaeologist Sergio Gomez and his team, looking for a royal tomb in the deep, dark tunnel beneath the pyramid built before the Aztec empire discovered a clue that would bring him closer to their goal: discovering liquid mercury. During their search, the team led by Gomez discovered a large amount of silvered metal at the end of the sacred tunnel that remained sealed for 1800 years.

Many researchers firmly believe that the toxic element could be a clue that will provide more insight about the tomb of the first ruler of Teotihuacan, home to a mysterious ancient civilization that predates the Aztecs, which still remains a mystery as researchers do not have a name for them.

Speculations regarding traces of mercury have been countless. Gomez believes that the metal could have been used to represent a river or lake of the underworld, even though ancient astronaut theorists suggest that there could have been a more “technological use” to mercury.

Traces of mercury have been previously found in small amounts in a couple of Maya sites farther south, but it has never been found in Teotihuacan until now.
Mercury is an element very difficult to extract, appreciated for its refracting properties, it is used numerous appliances today. Mercury was uncommon in ancient Mexico and some researchers believe that its features could have given supernatural features to its rulers.

What use could the ancient inhabitants of Teotihuacan have for Mercury and Mica?

Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal. As compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity. Mica is an excellent conductor of electricity. Mercury is the only elemental metal known to melt at a generally cold temperature.

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